Both the framework and the coding outcomes contribute to a stronger understanding of the overall design process that relies upon existing, more fine-grained empirical studies of design. The results show which elements of the design process have been studied most frequently, and of those studied, which were documented to contribute to an effective design outcome. The coding was conducted by an additional expert in design, and the results were shown to have reliability greater than 80%. ![]() These elements consist of a bootstrapped framework that the authors constructed from past experience in studying the design process and from validation from literature. They were reviewed and indexed according to whether or not those articles mentioned and/or focused one or several of 15 common design process elements. The articles were selected from several journals that are indexed in PsychInfo. The authors conducted a meta-analysis in which they sampled over 40 journal articles of empirical studies of the design process. In sum, rather than viewing innovation practices as ‘add-ons’, we submit that they are important variances to assess, model, and understand in order to overcome semantic and pragmatic knowledge boundaries in innovation projects. Moreover, we integrate these findings with perspectives from other research areas so as to stimulate fruitful avenues for future research. Comparing the knowledge sharing processes when innovation practices are applied, it has been found that innovation practices comprise four distinct mechanisms to cross semantic boundaries and three to cross pragmatic boundaries. Existing streams of innovation practices literature across different domains are reviewed. This article therefore advances knowledge in this area by offering a systematic analysis of innovation practices. It is not clear yet, how innovation practices address the challenges of knowledge sharing across semantic and pragmatic boundaries. Despite evidence of the importance of these tools and methods – referred to as innovation practices – for the success of innovation projects, significant gaps exist in our understanding of the nature of innovation practices. In response to the increased complexity of innovation projects, tools and methods applied in the innovation process need to be able to support knowledge sharing across semantic and pragmatic boundaries. ![]() In addition to the flexibility of the UCD methodology, other factors that influenced DB2's success included management support, resource commitment, cross-site communication and collaboration, detailed product specifications, and a focus on supporting user tasks. Although ease-of-use objectives, target markets, and human factors practitioners' roles have evolved over 6 years and multiple versions of the product, DB2 continues to achieve positive results with UCD. ![]() This case study describes the initial application of UCD to DB21 and the positive business results that followed: critical acclaim, increased marketshare and user satisfaction, and increased support and adoption of UCD across the IBM database product family. Motivated by trade press reviews highlighting ease-of-use problems, a multisite development team utilized IBM UCD to transform ease of use into a featured product attribute. ![]() This case study describes the application of user-centered design (UCD) principles to the development of a complex middleware software product-IBM's DB2(r) Universal Database.
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